…very flat hierarchies with a high degree of employee empowerment can work – but only under special circumstances.
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…analysis implies that companies should empower middle managers to design and implement innovation programs and processes, while encouraging top managers to adopt a hands-off approach.
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Most workers don’t want or need a manager telling them what to do and when to do it. But managers have to design the system in which empowered, autonomous, educated knowledge workers can flourish.
